The word perversely in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.
counterintuitively harmful
What does the passage imply about the patent “market test”?
It biases innovation toward affluent patients and countries that can sustain high prices.
Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?
Auction-priced buyouts place inventions in the public domain, yielding generic-like prices, curbing life-cycle games, and potentially accelerating follow-on innovation.
What historical example supports buyouts?
Daguerreotype purchase, 1839
According to paragraph 4, in some cases like antibiotics, innovation may still need ______.
additional targeted subsidies beyond auction-set buyout prices and generic-level revenues
Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?
By delinking reward from monopoly tenure, buyouts could widen access while preserving pre-market incentives.
[III]
The phrase this system in paragraph 3 refers to ______.
patent buyouts
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
Durable buyout programs would require careful governance, credible pricing methods, and sustained fiscal commitments beyond a single budget cycle.
Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?
Patent protections can skew research trajectories, privileging expedient monopolies over societally valuable therapies.
Patent rules steer R&D toward projects maximizing exclusivity payoffs rather than those delivering greatest social benefit, thereby distorting scientific priorities.
Which of the following best summarises the passage?
Patents often misalign incentives; auction-based buyouts could realign rewards with social value, though implementation and political hurdles remain significant.
a. Hotel receptionist: Of course, sir. May I see your identification and reservation confirmation, please?
b. Guest: Here you are. Also, I’d like to request a room with a sea view if possible.
c. Guest: Good evening. I have a reservation under the name Robert Henderson for three nights.
c-a-b
Dear Ms. Patel,
a. Your scholarship will cover full tuition fees and provide a monthly stipend of $1,200 for living expenses throughout the programme.
b. To accept this offer, you must complete the online acceptance form and submit the required documentation by January 10th, 2026.
c. Congratulations! We are pleased to inform you that you have been selected as a recipient of the Chancellor’s Merit Scholarship.
d. The scholarship disbursement will commence upon your official enrolment, with the first payment processed within ten business days.
e. If you have questions about the scholarship terms or enrolment procedures, please contact our office at +44 20 7946 0958.
Best wishes,
Financial Aid Office
c-a-b-d-e
a. Bandwidth subsidies and device-loan programmes narrowed disparities, enabling participation for rural, working, and disabled students.
b. Now, durable quality depends on pedagogy, accessibility, integrity safeguards, and continuous improvement across institutions nationwide.
c. Large lectures moved onto LMS; assessments digitised; support centres piloted analytics to flag disengagement early.
d. Universities expanded platforms, faculty training, and student support, aligning curricula with clear online learning outcomes.
e. Across Vietnam, universities mainstreamed e-learning, shifting from emergency measures to intentional, blended architectures for nationwide adoption.
e-d-c-a-b
a. Abigail: Do you prefer wearing uniforms at school or casual clothes?
b. Samuel: Right, they also create a sense of unity and discipline.
c. Abigail: Both ideas have merit depending on school culture.
d. Samuel: Uniforms promote equality, but casual clothes show individuality.
e. Abigail: That’s true, but uniforms reduce pressure about appearance.
a-d-e-b-c
a. During my first professional experience, I worked on a project team but rarely spoke up during meetings.
b. I assumed that staying under the radar and letting my work speak for itself would be sufficient. c. However, I soon realized that my silence led to misunderstandings and my contributions went completely unrecognized.
d. That realization was a game-changer and taught me that effective communication is just as important as technical skills.
e. Consequently, I started actively participating in discussions and clearly articulating my ideas and concerns to everyone.
a-b-c-e-d
Consequently, billions of connected devices now generate massive volumes of data requiring sophisticated analytics to interpret meaningfully
Following this trend, retailers integrate IoT systems to optimize inventory management and significantly enhance customer shopping experiences
It is these monitoring capabilities that enable doctors to intervene earlier in disease progression, potentially saving numerous lives through timely treatment
Having been explained comprehensive security strategies, consumers are encouraged to update passwords regularly and enable multi-factor authentication
Companies must invest heavily in encryption technologies to safeguard transmitted information against increasingly sophisticated cyber threats
taking place
collaboration
array
foster
representatives
bank on
The word torrent in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ______?
deluge
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as contributing to the politicization of truth?
Enhanced cross-party deliberation
The word contagion in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
isolation
The word This state in paragraph 3 refers to ______.
the condition in which encounters are removed and beliefs become isolated
Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?
Strikingly, beliefs regarding hydroxychloroquine efficacy correlate with political alignment, illustrating how factual claims become ideologically inflected.
Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 3?
When people view disjoint streams, they struggle to judge each other’s evidence because relevant exposure is missing.
Which paragraph mentions algorithms and surveillance-capitalist incentives structuring personalized information streams?
Paragraph 3
Which paragraph mentions mood manipulation, nudges, and emotional contagion as risks of personalization?
Paragraph 4
put in
a large number of
two years relevant professional
as well as
via
functions
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